Balance Sheet and Regulatory Features Paper Free Essays

Budgetary foundations offer a wide exhibit of administrations that shift as far as exchanges, customers, bundling, volume and different boundaries. Among them are the speculation protections firms, banks and insurance agencies. As a rule, they all â€Å"perform the fundamental capacity of diverting assets from those with surplus assets to those with deficiencies of funds† (Saunders Cornett, 2003). We will compose a custom article test on Monetary record and Regulatory Features Paper or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now At that point as they progress with their individual monetary items, administrations, and target markets, at that point their jobs in the budgetary world become increasingly evident. Speculation Securities Firms Venture protections firms go about as merchants and sell protections, for example, organization stocks, business papers and promissory notes just as officially sanctioned treasury bills. â€Å"[They] help people who need to buy new or existing protections issues or who need to sell recently bought securities† (Melicher Norton, 2003). Full help of these organizations for singular customers would incorporate doing investigate on protections accessible for them to put resources into and rendering warning administrations by giving customers ideal data and proposals based consequently (Saunders Cornett, 2003). These they do likewise for corporate customers that park a portion of their inactive organization assets in protections †both fixed-pay protections and stocks. These organizations charge commission and administration expenses for their administrations, and this is fundamentally how they produce their salary. Storehouse Institutions While speculation protections firms are non-vault foundations, those that are assigned as safe organizations can acknowledge stores from retail savers. They incorporate banks, investment funds establishments and credit associations (Saunders Cornett, 2003). While non-safe foundations obviously go about as go-betweens of assets from the sources (the financial specialists and the savers) to the clients (the organizations requiring extra working cash-flow to subsidize their tasks, and so forth ), storehouse establishments can act both as middle people and as overseers of the cash endowed to them. At the point when a financial specialist goes to a speculation protections firm to either purchase stocks or to place some cash in business papers, they realize that their cash is set in the organization that gave the protections (stock or obligation instruments). They will in this way be worried about the budgetary prosperity of the protections backer, and less the speculation protections firm. This is on the grounds that the organization principally liable for the wellbeing of the worth and the pay of their cash is a similar organization that gave the protections they put resources into. Conversely, when a financial specialist goes to a safe foundation like a bank to leave their cash there for supervision until they would need to utilize it or to contribute it somewhere else, a similar speculator is putting his trust and trust in the storehouse establishment. He, in this manner, accepts that the organization is monetarily solid and that placing his cash in their guardianship is a sheltered move. The establishment, thusly, acknowledges the stores and stands to be answerable for them. For sake of their investors, at that point, they contribute the pooled stores somewhere else and loan them to qualified borrowers. Monetary Intermediaries Financial go-betweens by and large incorporate banks, venture protections firms, speculation banks, insurance agencies and annuity reserves. They are gathered into three classifications: the vault organizations (banks), the legally binding reserve funds establishments (insurance agencies) and speculation delegates (shared assets). These substances remain between the loan specialist savers and the borrower-spenders and encourage the exchange of assets from one to the next. (Mishkin, 2001) They get cash and pass them on as ventures, subject to their particular understandings or exchange contracts with their customers. Step by step instructions to refer to Balance Sheet and Regulatory Features Paper, Papers

Fly Away Peter by David Malouf :: Fly Away Peter David Malouf

Therapeutic Drug Levels in Bipolar Disorder Treatment

Therapeutic Drug Levels in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Therapeutic Drug Levels in Bipolar Disorder Treatment By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 06, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Nisian Hughes / Getty Images The therapeutic level of a drug in the bloodstream is the range within which that drug is expected to be effective without causing any serious problems to the patient. Your doctor can request a test to measure the amount of a specific drug in the serum portion of your blood. Your doctor will check those levels against established ranges for that drug to determine if the value is therapeutic or not. Medication Dosage and Administration The most important bipolar disorder drugs to be monitored regularly are these three mood stabilizers: LithiumDepakote, Depakene (sodium valproate, valproic acid)Tegretol (carbamazepine) The therapeutic levels of these drugs are dependent upon the half-life of the drugs as determined by the serum blood test. After test results are taken, proper dosage and administration of these mood stabilizers can commence. After your blood test is administered, usually by a phlebotomist in a lab setting, your results will be shared with your doctor who will determine if the amount of medication and the frequency with which you take them should be changed. The goal is to maintain a steady state of drugs in your system, which will give you a therapeutic or effective dose of the medication without causing side effects or otherwise not working. If your medication dosage is off you could experience symptoms that include mood swings or manic episodes, the very thing your psychoactive drugs are meant to prevent. How Long Does It Take to Reach Therapeutic Levels? From your serum blood test, your medical provider should be able to determine the half-life of your medication  and will know how many hours or days it will take for the medicine to reach therapeutic levels. While some medications have a half-life of only 1-4 hours, such as Acetaminophen, some mood stabilizers have a half-life of 1-2 days. The longer the half-life of the drug, the longer it will take to reach a therapeutic level, i.e. for the drug to take effect. Your doctor will explain how long it will take for your medicine to work, but you must work with him or her to ensure that you take the medication at the recommended dosage at the right time. Because of the long half-life, maintaining therapeutic levels takes attention to detail and focus, something that may be hard to maintain for those with bipolar disorders. As you and your family members work through your diagnosis, be sure to keep track of your medications and have someone equally accountable for you so that you dont miss a dose and render your medication ineffective, or worse risk too much medication in your blood, which could be toxic. How Mood Stabilizers Are a Cornerstone of Bipolar Treatment

Analysis Of Michael Kimmels Men, Masculinity, And The...

2. Masculinity is a term that is often associated with strength, power, control, and dominance in men. However, many texts support the claim that masculinity can be perceived as â€Å"socially constructed† and available for systematic discrepancy, similar to femininity. For example, in Michael Kimmel’s â€Å"Men, Masculinity, and the Rape Culture,† Kimmel identifies the â€Å"traditional masculinity† in which men exclusively can experience the â€Å"right to manhood† and the â€Å"dare and aggression† that is rightfully theirs (Kimmel, 142). Kimmel cites psychologist Robert Brannon for identifying the precepts of manhood and masculinity in America. These rules are as follows: â€Å"no sissy stuff,† â€Å"be a big wheel,† â€Å"be a sturdy oak,† and â€Å"give ‘em hell,† (Kimmel,†¦show more content†¦Bordo continues to claim that the phallus becomes the almighty symbol by stating, â€Å"†¦ [T]he phallus stands, not for the superior fitness of an individual male over other men, but for generic male superiority- not only over females but also over other species,† (Bordo, 89). This indirectly aligns with Kimmel’s claims which were previously mentioned. Therefore, the erect penis-shape suggests upward aspiration and strength while the â€Å"soft† penis exemplifies weakness and disappointment (Bordo, 91). Furthermore, Bordo’s writing suggests another angle of masculinity by discussing the history of the development of the phallic object. In a period of the attempt to understand the phallic object, sexuality became an issue and embarrassment for the soul. An erect penis became the symbol for the lack of self-control and irrational desires. Bordo states, â€Å"Not surprisingly, the penis began to be seen as an object of shame, a rebellious little piece of flesh that kept pursuing the body’s irrational desires,† (Bordo, 90). This depiction ceased male superiority from paralleling sexual capabilities. This argument counters Kimmel’s by suggesting that the penis does not give power to a male-bodied person, but instead, the penis needs to be hidden from view to suggest intellectual potential and respect of an individual. This type of view can be considered â€Å"masculine shame†; however, this view

Analysis Of Clea Simon On The Interpretation And...

The idea of feminism is being thrown around a lot in today s society, but what is feminism and why does this word invoke such a negative connotation? â€Å"The costs of inequality: For women, progress until they get near power,† is an article written by Clea Simon on the interpretation and dissection of gender inequality today and how this gap can be resolved. The soaring popularity of feminism and the idea that genders can one day be equal is important for fixing a male dominated America; to do this typical gender roles have to be analyzed, as well as gender biases addressed. Analysis alone will not fix this deep-rooted issue, to change society America must be ready to be proactive and tolerant of changes in tradition. The idea of a woman†¦show more content†¦It was also noted that in research papers male co-authors were given full credit of the research while female co-authors were not. Simon specifically researched the field of economics, where the gender gap †Å"has not changed the fraction of females for about 20 years† (Simon). Clea Simon also adopts a view of underlying gender bias against females in power. A study was conducted in which, â€Å"almost a quarter (23 percent) of teenage girls preferred male political leaders over female ones. Only 8 percent preferred women leaders. Forty percent of the boys surveyed preferred male leaders, while only 4 percent preferred women† (Simon). Why do teenagers not assume women in power will be great leaders? Is it possibly because children have grown up only seeing males in leadership roles? And how does one find justice to this problem? John Rawls proposes a solution in his paper â€Å"Justice as Fairness,† to this idea of inequality. â€Å"First, each person participating in a practice, or affected by it, has an equal right to the most extensive liberty compatible with a like liberty for all; and second, inequalities are arbitrary unless it is reasonable to expect that they will work out for everyone’s advantage, and provided the positions and offices to which they attach, or from which they might be gained, are open to all† (Solomon 282). Rawls is saying in his first premise, that all peoples should be allowed the basic right to be

The Hunters Moonsong Chapter Thirty-One Free Essays

string(47) " wanting to just check out Zander’s abs\." Why do they always want to be on top of buildings? Bonnie thought irritably. Inside. Inside is nice. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Thirty-One or any similar topic only for you Order Now No one falls to their death if they’re inside a building. But here we are. Stargazing from the top of the science building while on a date with Zander was romantic. Bonnie would be al for another little nighttime picnic, just the two of them. But partying on a different roof with a bunch of Zander’s friends was not romantic, not even slightly. She took a sip of her drink and moved out of the way without even looking as she heard the smack of bodies hitting the ground and the grunts of guys wrestling. After two days of living with Zander, she was beginning to get the names of his friends straight: Tristan and Marcus were the ones rol ing around on the floor with Zander. Jonah, Camden, and Spencer were doing something they cal ed parkour, which mostly seemed to involve running around like idiots and almost fal ing off the roof. Enrique, Jared, Daniel, and Chad were al playing an elaborate drinking game in the corner. There were a few more guys who hung around sometimes, but this was the core group. She liked them, she real y did. Most of the time. They were boisterous, sure, but they were always very nice to her: getting her drinks, immediately handing her their jackets if she was cold, tel ing her that they had no idea what she saw in a loser like Zander, which was clearly their guy way of declaring how much they loved him and that they were happy he had a girlfriend. She looked over at Zander, who was laughing as he held Tristan in a headlock and rubbed his knuckles over the top of Tristan’s head. â€Å"Do you give in?† he said, and grunted in surprise as Marcus, whooping joyful y, tackled them both. It would have been easier if there were other girls around that she could get to know. If Marcus (who was very cute in a giant shaggy-haired Sasquatch kind of way) or Spencer (who had the kind of preppy rich-boy elegance that some girls found extremely attractive) had a regular girlfriend, Bonnie would have someone to exchange wry glances with as the guys acted like doofuses. But, even though a girl would occasional y appear clinging to the arm of one of the guys, Bonnie would never see her again after that night. Except for Bonnie, Zander seemed to travel in an almost exclusively masculine world. And, after two days of fol owing the macho parade around town, Bonnie was starting to get sick of it. She missed having girls to talk to. She missed Elena and Meredith, specifical y, even though she was stil mad at them. â€Å"Hey,† she said, making her way over to Zander. â€Å"Want to get out of here for a while?† Zander wrapped his arm around her shoulders. â€Å"Um. Why?† he asked, leaning down to kiss her neck. Bonnie rol ed her eyes. â€Å"It’s kind of loud, don’t you think? We could go for a nice quiet walk or something.† Zander looked surprised but nodded. â€Å"Sure, whatever you want.† They made their way down the fire escape, fol owed by a few shouts from Zander’s friends, who seemed to think he was going on a food run and would shortly return with hot wings and tacos. Once they were a block away from the rooftop party, the noise faded and it was peaceful, except for the distant sound of an occasional car on the roads nearby. Bonnie knew she ought to feel creeped out, walking around at night on campus, but she didn’t. Not with Zander’s hand in hers. â€Å"This is nice, isn’t it?† Bonnie said happily, gazing up at the half moon overhead. â€Å"Yeah,† Zander said, swinging her hand between them. â€Å"You know, I used to go on long walks – runs, real y – with my dad at night. Way out in the country, in the moonlight. I love being outside at night.† â€Å"Aw, that’s sweet,† Bonnie said. â€Å"Do you guys stil do that when you’re home?† â€Å"No.† Zander hesitated and hunched his shoulders, his hair hanging in his face. Bonnie couldn’t read his expression. â€Å"My dad †¦ he died. A while ago.† â€Å"I’m so sorry,† Bonnie said sincerely, squeezing his hand. â€Å"I’m okay,† Zander said, stil staring at his shoes. â€Å"But, y’know, I don’t have any brothers or sisters, and the guys have sort of become like a family to me. I know they can be a pain sometimes, but they’re real y good guys. And they’re important to me.† He glanced at Bonnie out of the corner of his eyes. He looked so apprehensive, Bonnie felt a sharp pang of affection for him. It was sweet that Zander and his friends were so close – that must have been the family stuff he had to deal with the other night. He was loyal, that much she knew. â€Å"Zander,† she said. â€Å"I know they’re important to you. I don’t want to take you away from your friends, you goof.† She reached up to wrap her arms around his neck and kissed him gently on the mouth. â€Å"Maybe just for an hour or two sometimes, but not for long, I promise.† Zander returned the kiss with enthusiasm, and Bonnie tingled al the way down to her toes. Clinging to each other, they made their way to a bench by the side of the path and sat down to kiss some more. Zander just felt so good under her hands, al sleek muscles and smooth skin, and Bonnie ran her hands across his shoulders, along his arms, down his sides. At her touch, Zander suddenly winced. â€Å"What’s the matter?† she said, lifting her head away from his. â€Å"Nothing,† said Zander, reaching for her. â€Å"I was just messing around with the guys, you know. They play rough.† â€Å"Let me see,† Bonnie said, grabbing at the hem of his shirt, half concerned and half wanting to just check out Zander’s abs. You read "The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Thirty-One" in category "Essay examples" He had turned out to be surprisingly modest, considering they were sharing a room. Wincing again, he sucked his breath in through his teeth as Bonnie lifted his shirt. She gasped. Zander’s whole side was covered with ugly black-and-purple bruises. â€Å"Zander,† Bonnie said horrified, â€Å"these look real y bad. You don’t get bruises like that just messing around.† They look like you were fighting for your life – or someone else was, she thought, and pushed away the words. â€Å"They’re nothing. Don’t worry,† Zander said, tugging his shirt back down. He started to wrap his arms around her again, but Bonnie moved away, feeling vaguely sickened. â€Å"I wish you’d tel me what happened,† she said. â€Å"I did,† Zander said comfortingly. â€Å"You know how crazy those guys get.† It was true, she’d never known guys so rowdy. Zander reached for her again, and this time Bonnie moved closer to him, turning her face up for his kiss. As their lips met, she remembered Zander’s saying to her, â€Å"You know me. You see me.† She did know him, Bonnie told herself. She could trust Zander. Across the street, Damon stood in the shadow of a tree, watching Bonnie kiss Zander. He had to admit he felt a little pang, seeing her in the arms of someone else. There was something so sweet about Bonnie, and she was brave and intel igent under that cotton-candy exterior. The witchy angle added a little touch of spice to her, too. He’d always thought of her as his. Then again, didn’t the little redbird deserve someone of her own? As much as Damon liked her, he didn’t love her, he knew that. Seeing the lanky boy’s face light up in response to her smile, he thought maybe this one would. After making out for a few more minutes, Bonnie and Zander stood up and wandered, hand in hand, toward what Damon knew was Zander’s dorm. Damon trailed them, keeping to the shadows. He huffed out a breath of self-mocking laughter. I’m getting soft in my old age, he thought. Back in the old days he would have eaten Bonnie without a second thought, and here he was worrying about her love life. Stil , it would be nice if the little redhead could be happy. If her boyfriend wasn’t a threat. Damon ful y expected the happy couple to disappear into the dorm together. Instead, Zander kissed Bonnie good-bye and watched as she went inside, then headed back out. Damon fol owed him, keeping hidden, as he went back to the party where they’d been before. A few minutes later, Zander came down again, trailed by his pack of noisy boys. Damon twitched in irritation. God save me from college boys, he thought. They were probably going to gorge themselves on greasy bar food. After a couple of days of watching Zander, he was ready to go back to Elena and report that the boy was guilty of nothing more than being uncouth. Instead of heading toward the nearest bar, though, the boys jogged across campus, quick and determined, as if they had an important destination in mind. Reaching the edge of campus, they headed into the woods. Damon gave them a few seconds and then fol owed. He was good at this, he was a predator, a natural hunter, and so it took him a few minutes of listening, of sending his Power out, of final y just racing through the woods, black branches snapping before him, to realize that Zander and his boys were gone. Final y, Damon stopped and leaned against a tree to catch his breath. The woods were silent except for the innocent sound of various woodland creatures going about their business and his own ragged panting. That pack of noisy, obnoxious children had escaped him, disappearing without the slightest trace. He gritted his teeth and tamped down his anger at being evaded, until it was mostly curiosity about how they’d done it. Poor Bonnie, Damon thought as he fastidiously smoothed and adjusted his clothing. One thing was abundantly clear: Zander and his friends weren’t entirely human. Stefan twitched. This was al just kind of strange. He was sitting in a velvet-backed chair in a huge underground room, as col ege students roamed around arranging flowers and candles. The room was impressive, Stefan would give them that: cavernous yet elegant. But the little arrangements of flowers seemed chintzy and false somehow, like a stage set in the Vatican. And the black-masked figures lurking in the back of the room, watching, were giving him the jitters. Matt had cal ed him to tel him about some kind of col ege secret society that he’d joined, and that the leader wanted Stefan to join, too. Stefan agreed to meet him and talk about it. He never was much of a joiner, but he liked Matt, and it was something to do. It would take his mind off Elena, he’d thought. Lurking around campus – and it felt like lurking, when he saw Elena, with the way his eyes were irresistibly drawn to her even as he hurried out of sight – he’d watched her. Sometimes she was with Damon. Stefan’s fingernails bit into his palms. Consciously relaxing, he turned his attention back to Ethan, who was sitting across a smal table from him. â€Å"The members of the Vitale Society hold a very special place in the world,† he was saying, leaning forward, smiling. â€Å"Only the best of the best can hope to be tapped, and the qualities we look for I think are very Wellexemplified in you, Stefan.† Stefan nodded politely and let his mind drift again. Secret societies were something he actual y knew a little about. Sir Walter Raleigh’s School of Night in Elizabethan England wrestled with what was then forbidden knowledge: science and philosophy the church declared out of bounds. Il Carbonari back home in Italy worked to encourage revolt against the government of the various city-states, aiming for a unification of al of Italy. Damon, Stefan knew, toyed with the members of the Hel fire Club in London for a few months in the 1700s, until he got bored with their posturing and childish blasphemy. Al those secret societies, though, had some kind of purpose. Rebel ing against conventional morality, pursuing truth, revolution. Stefan leaned forward. â€Å"Pardon me,† he said politely, â€Å"but what is the point of the Vitale Society?† Ethan paused midspeech to stare at him, then wet his lips. â€Å"Well,† he said slowly, â€Å"the real secrets and rituals of the Society can’t be unveiled to outsiders. None of the pledges know our true practices and purposes, not yet. But I can tel you that there are innumerable benefits to being one of us. Travel, adventure, power.† â€Å"None of the pledges know your real purpose?† Stefan asked. His natural inclination to stay away was becoming more resolute. â€Å"Why don’t you wear a mask like the others?† Ethan looked surprised. â€Å"I’m the face of the Vitale for the pledges,† he said simply. â€Å"They’l need someone they know to guide them.† Stefan made up his mind. He didn’t want to be guided. â€Å"I apologize, Ethan,† he said formal y, â€Å"but I don’t think I would be an appropriate candidate for your organization. I appreciate the invitation.† He started to rise. â€Å"Wait,† said Ethan. His eyes were wide and golden and had a hungry, eager expression in them. â€Å"Wait,† he said, licking his lips again. â€Å"We †¦ we have a copy of Pico del a Mirandola’s De hominis dignitate.† He stumbled over the words as if he didn’t quite know what they were. â€Å"An old one, from Florence, a first edition. You’d get to read it. You could have it if you wanted.† Stefan stiffened. He had studied Mirandola’s work on reason and philosophy with enthusiasm back when he was stil alive, when he was a young man preparing for the university. He had a sudden visceral longing to feel the old leather and parchment, see the blocky type from the first days of the printing press, so much more right somehow than the modern computer-set books. There was no way Ethan should have known to offer him that specific book. His eyes narrowed. â€Å"What makes you think I’d want that?† he hissed, leaning across the table toward Ethan. He could feel Power surging through him, fueled by his rage, but Ethan wouldn’t meet his eyes. â€Å"I †¦ you told me you like old books, Stefan,† he said, and gave a little false laugh, gazing down at the tabletop. â€Å"I thought you would be interested.† â€Å"No, thank you,† Stefan said, low and angry. He couldn’t force Ethan to look him in the eye, not with al these people around, so after a moment, he stood. â€Å"I refuse your offer,† he told Ethan shortly. â€Å"Good-bye.† He walked to the door without looking back, holding himself straight and tal . He glanced at Matt, who was talking to another student, as he reached the door and, when Matt met his eyes, gave him a shrug and a shake of the head, trying to telegraph an apology. Matt nodded, disappointed but not arguing. No one tried to stop Stefan as he left the room. But he had a nervous feeling in the pit of his stomach. There was something wrong here. He didn’t know enough to dissuade Matt from joining, but he decided to keep tabs on the Vitale Society. As he shut the door behind him, he could sense Ethan watching him. How to cite The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Thirty-One, Essay examples

Nobel Peace Prize Winners Essays - , Term Papers

Nobel Peace Prize Winners The theories of these five men: John C. Harsanyi, John Nash, Reinhard Selten, Robert W. Fogel, and Douglass C. North, made an abundant progress in the Economic Sciences in America and the economy. For these great accomplishments, these five were awarded the Noble Peace Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994(Harsanyi, Nash, Selten), and 1993(Forgel, North). The three economists who was awarded the Noble Peace Prize in 1994 for their excellent work and progress in game theory was know as pioneers in using games like chess and poker as the foundation for understanding complex economic issues. This was precisely half a century after John Von Neumann and Osar Morgenstern launched the field with the publication of ?The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior.? ?John F. Nash of Princeton University(a American economists), John C. Harsanyi of the University of California at Berkeley(a Hungarian economist), and Reinhard Selten of the Rheinische Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universitat in Bonn(a German economists), shared the award, and the $930,000 cash award for their achievements in economics.?1 The trios accomplishment portrayed the significance of Von Neumann and Morgenstern's contribution to game theory, which was recognized by economists and others almost immediately. The lessons they drew from homely games like chess and poker had exemplified universal application to economic situations in which the participants had the power to anticipate and affect other participants' actions. Harsanyi stated ?it is a theory of strategic interactions...of rational behavior in social situations in which each player has to choose his moves on the basis of what he thinks the other players' counter moves are likely to be?2 Economists did not have an immediate success in applying their insights to a field whose preoccupation with the idea of ?free competition? required that the ability of each particular participant to influence outcomes be negligible. So instead, game theory found all kinds of immediate applications in the 1950's to problems of the Cold War, everything from airplane dog-fights to doctrines of massive retaliation. ?In book '?Prisoner's Dilemma,? writer William Poundstone records the heady intellectual excitement around the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton and Rand Corp. in Santa Monica, Calif., which was where much of the early work was done.?3 Nash hinted the first formal breakthrough meanwhile he was still a young instructor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He succeeded in generalizing a set of problems known to economists since the 1840's, when Augustine Cournot began writing about what might happen when two big companies collide with one another in the marketplace. Nash also formulated a universal ?solution concept? for many-person '?noncooperative? games (meaning those in which has no outside authority assures that players stick to some predetermined rules). His name was thus attached to the whole range of possibilities that might arise from successfully seeing through a rival's strategy, they have been called ?Nash equilibria? ever since. ?It was a very deep achievement,?4 said Princeton's Avinash Dixit, who was among those who nominated Nash for the prize. Nash accomplished many other things, including introducing a formal theory of bargaining into economics (which the Swedes did not mention in the main body of their citation). But he made his way mainly as a pure mathematician, doing widely admired work, exhibiting many of the eccentricities that are associated with the model of that professional type. Though Thomas Schelling, a University of Maryland economist demonstrated how many game theory concepts could be applied to economics. The awards were given to Harsanyi, 74, and Selten, 64. Both researchers proved important mathematical theorems while refining the concept of Nash equilibria, and Harsanyi in particular has ventured into topics of philosophy. The two economists, Robert W. Fogel and Douglass North, won the Nobel Prize in 1993 were known as pioneering economic historians for economics. These two turned the theoretical and statistical tools of modern economics on the historical past: on subjects ranging from slavery and railroads to ocean shipping and property rights. Fogel, a professor at the University of Chicago, often is described as the father of modern econometric history. He's especially noted for using careful empirical work to overturn conventional wisdom. North, a professor at Washington University in St. Louis, was honored as a pioneer in the ?new? institutional history. In the Nobel announcement, they specifically mention North's research in 1968 that showed how organizational changes played a greater role in increasing productivity than did technical change. ?The Cambridge native has also written a series of books, including ?The Rise of the Western World? in 1971 and ?Structure and